城市(city): unknown
省份(region): unknown
国家(country): France
运营商(isp): OVH SAS
主机名(hostname): unknown
机构(organization): unknown
使用类型(Usage Type): Data Center/Web Hosting/Transit
| 类型 | 评论内容 | 时间 |
|---|---|---|
| attack | 2020-05-02T23:04:16.927484abusebot-3.cloudsearch.cf sshd[21990]: Invalid user jt from 51.178.52.185 port 53288 2020-05-02T23:04:16.933086abusebot-3.cloudsearch.cf sshd[21990]: pam_unix(sshd:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=185.ip-51-178-52.eu 2020-05-02T23:04:16.927484abusebot-3.cloudsearch.cf sshd[21990]: Invalid user jt from 51.178.52.185 port 53288 2020-05-02T23:04:18.976251abusebot-3.cloudsearch.cf sshd[21990]: Failed password for invalid user jt from 51.178.52.185 port 53288 ssh2 2020-05-02T23:10:04.708999abusebot-3.cloudsearch.cf sshd[22373]: Invalid user taguchi from 51.178.52.185 port 38636 2020-05-02T23:10:04.715757abusebot-3.cloudsearch.cf sshd[22373]: pam_unix(sshd:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=185.ip-51-178-52.eu 2020-05-02T23:10:04.708999abusebot-3.cloudsearch.cf sshd[22373]: Invalid user taguchi from 51.178.52.185 port 38636 2020-05-02T23:10:06.547207abusebot-3.cloudsearch.cf sshd[22373]: ... |
2020-05-03 08:18:19 |
| attack | Apr 28 06:05:48 mail sshd[10196]: pam_unix(sshd:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=51.178.52.185 user=root Apr 28 06:05:50 mail sshd[10196]: Failed password for root from 51.178.52.185 port 49369 ssh2 Apr 28 06:07:25 mail sshd[10461]: Invalid user opal from 51.178.52.185 ... |
2020-04-28 13:44:26 |
| attack | 2020-04-24T20:26:48.926213shield sshd\[29802\]: Invalid user rob from 51.178.52.185 port 58078 2020-04-24T20:26:48.929945shield sshd\[29802\]: pam_unix\(sshd:auth\): authentication failure\; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=185.ip-51-178-52.eu 2020-04-24T20:26:50.542782shield sshd\[29802\]: Failed password for invalid user rob from 51.178.52.185 port 58078 ssh2 2020-04-24T20:30:54.550067shield sshd\[30545\]: Invalid user postgres from 51.178.52.185 port 37198 2020-04-24T20:30:54.553723shield sshd\[30545\]: pam_unix\(sshd:auth\): authentication failure\; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=185.ip-51-178-52.eu |
2020-04-25 04:41:03 |
| attackspambots | Apr 20 09:06:17 OPSO sshd\[6731\]: Invalid user zv from 51.178.52.185 port 59353 Apr 20 09:06:17 OPSO sshd\[6731\]: pam_unix\(sshd:auth\): authentication failure\; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=51.178.52.185 Apr 20 09:06:19 OPSO sshd\[6731\]: Failed password for invalid user zv from 51.178.52.185 port 59353 ssh2 Apr 20 09:10:31 OPSO sshd\[7770\]: pam_unix\(sshd:auth\): authentication failure\; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=51.178.52.185 user=root Apr 20 09:10:34 OPSO sshd\[7770\]: Failed password for root from 51.178.52.185 port 40183 ssh2 |
2020-04-20 16:05:56 |
| attackspam | Apr 13 20:20:52 h2779839 sshd[1371]: Invalid user s3x from 51.178.52.185 port 52111 Apr 13 20:20:52 h2779839 sshd[1371]: pam_unix(sshd:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=51.178.52.185 Apr 13 20:20:52 h2779839 sshd[1371]: Invalid user s3x from 51.178.52.185 port 52111 Apr 13 20:20:54 h2779839 sshd[1371]: Failed password for invalid user s3x from 51.178.52.185 port 52111 ssh2 Apr 13 20:24:25 h2779839 sshd[1432]: pam_unix(sshd:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=51.178.52.185 user=root Apr 13 20:24:27 h2779839 sshd[1432]: Failed password for root from 51.178.52.185 port 56038 ssh2 Apr 13 20:28:03 h2779839 sshd[1486]: Invalid user kay from 51.178.52.185 port 59959 Apr 13 20:28:03 h2779839 sshd[1486]: pam_unix(sshd:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=51.178.52.185 Apr 13 20:28:03 h2779839 sshd[1486]: Invalid user kay from 51.178.52.185 port 59959 Apr 13 20:28:05 h2779839 sshd[ ... |
2020-04-14 03:31:32 |
| attack | Brute-force attempt banned |
2020-04-13 15:22:26 |
| attack | Invalid user deploy from 51.178.52.185 port 47616 |
2020-03-28 22:01:51 |
| attackbots | 2020-03-25T03:49:00.520183abusebot-4.cloudsearch.cf sshd[24826]: Invalid user cari from 51.178.52.185 port 53473 2020-03-25T03:49:00.529612abusebot-4.cloudsearch.cf sshd[24826]: pam_unix(sshd:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=185.ip-51-178-52.eu 2020-03-25T03:49:00.520183abusebot-4.cloudsearch.cf sshd[24826]: Invalid user cari from 51.178.52.185 port 53473 2020-03-25T03:49:02.538802abusebot-4.cloudsearch.cf sshd[24826]: Failed password for invalid user cari from 51.178.52.185 port 53473 ssh2 2020-03-25T03:56:15.296679abusebot-4.cloudsearch.cf sshd[25241]: Invalid user etrust from 51.178.52.185 port 58423 2020-03-25T03:56:15.302158abusebot-4.cloudsearch.cf sshd[25241]: pam_unix(sshd:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=185.ip-51-178-52.eu 2020-03-25T03:56:15.296679abusebot-4.cloudsearch.cf sshd[25241]: Invalid user etrust from 51.178.52.185 port 58423 2020-03-25T03:56:17.004315abusebot-4.cloudsearch.cf sshd[252 ... |
2020-03-25 12:42:56 |
| attackspam | (sshd) Failed SSH login from 51.178.52.185 (FR/France/185.ip-51-178-52.eu): 5 in the last 3600 secs; Ports: *; Direction: inout; Trigger: LF_SSHD; Logs: Mar 24 17:54:20 amsweb01 sshd[21915]: Invalid user tpgit from 51.178.52.185 port 42363 Mar 24 17:54:21 amsweb01 sshd[21915]: Failed password for invalid user tpgit from 51.178.52.185 port 42363 ssh2 Mar 24 18:04:56 amsweb01 sshd[23550]: Failed password for invalid user admin from 51.178.52.185 port 34870 ssh2 Mar 24 18:09:19 amsweb01 sshd[24031]: Invalid user rayna from 51.178.52.185 port 42257 Mar 24 18:09:21 amsweb01 sshd[24031]: Failed password for invalid user rayna from 51.178.52.185 port 42257 ssh2 |
2020-03-25 01:14:20 |
| attack | Mar 22 19:16:36 v22018086721571380 sshd[6823]: Failed password for invalid user applorig from 51.178.52.185 port 38782 ssh2 Mar 22 19:20:32 v22018086721571380 sshd[7659]: Failed password for invalid user zv from 51.178.52.185 port 46800 ssh2 |
2020-03-23 03:48:36 |
| attack | Mar 18 02:13:49 OPSO sshd\[15903\]: pam_unix\(sshd:auth\): authentication failure\; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=51.178.52.185 user=root Mar 18 02:13:51 OPSO sshd\[15903\]: Failed password for root from 51.178.52.185 port 49203 ssh2 Mar 18 02:18:00 OPSO sshd\[17831\]: pam_unix\(sshd:auth\): authentication failure\; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=51.178.52.185 user=root Mar 18 02:18:02 OPSO sshd\[17831\]: Failed password for root from 51.178.52.185 port 59988 ssh2 Mar 18 02:22:03 OPSO sshd\[18581\]: pam_unix\(sshd:auth\): authentication failure\; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=51.178.52.185 user=root |
2020-03-18 09:56:26 |
| attackspam | Invalid user onion from 51.178.52.185 port 60708 |
2020-03-13 04:46:21 |
| attackspam | (sshd) Failed SSH login from 51.178.52.185 (FR/France/185.ip-51-178-52.eu): 5 in the last 3600 secs; Ports: *; Direction: inout; Trigger: LF_SSHD; Logs: Mar 3 20:38:38 amsweb01 sshd[28719]: Invalid user irc from 51.178.52.185 port 56038 Mar 3 20:38:40 amsweb01 sshd[28719]: Failed password for invalid user irc from 51.178.52.185 port 56038 ssh2 Mar 3 20:49:34 amsweb01 sshd[31725]: Invalid user ts3 from 51.178.52.185 port 58090 Mar 3 20:49:36 amsweb01 sshd[31725]: Failed password for invalid user ts3 from 51.178.52.185 port 58090 ssh2 Mar 3 20:56:25 amsweb01 sshd[753]: Invalid user ubuntu from 51.178.52.185 port 36526 |
2020-03-04 04:35:37 |
| attack | Mar 1 21:02:16 h2177944 sshd\[16247\]: Invalid user ocean from 51.178.52.185 port 59720 Mar 1 21:02:16 h2177944 sshd\[16247\]: pam_unix\(sshd:auth\): authentication failure\; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=51.178.52.185 Mar 1 21:02:18 h2177944 sshd\[16247\]: Failed password for invalid user ocean from 51.178.52.185 port 59720 ssh2 Mar 1 21:10:42 h2177944 sshd\[16840\]: Invalid user student2 from 51.178.52.185 port 51788 ... |
2020-03-02 04:13:49 |
| attack | (sshd) Failed SSH login from 51.178.52.185 (FR/France/185.ip-51-178-52.eu): 2 in the last 3600 secs; Ports: *; Direction: inout; Trigger: LF_SSHD; Logs: Feb 29 09:52:40 ubnt-55d23 sshd[27646]: Invalid user daniel from 51.178.52.185 port 54674 Feb 29 09:52:42 ubnt-55d23 sshd[27646]: Failed password for invalid user daniel from 51.178.52.185 port 54674 ssh2 |
2020-02-29 20:01:27 |
| attack | Feb 27 22:17:03 eddieflores sshd\[30632\]: Invalid user user from 51.178.52.185 Feb 27 22:17:03 eddieflores sshd\[30632\]: pam_unix\(sshd:auth\): authentication failure\; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=185.ip-51-178-52.eu Feb 27 22:17:05 eddieflores sshd\[30632\]: Failed password for invalid user user from 51.178.52.185 port 50042 ssh2 Feb 27 22:25:48 eddieflores sshd\[31285\]: pam_unix\(sshd:auth\): authentication failure\; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=185.ip-51-178-52.eu user=root Feb 27 22:25:51 eddieflores sshd\[31285\]: Failed password for root from 51.178.52.185 port 42247 ssh2 |
2020-02-28 16:39:14 |
| attack | Invalid user lhl from 51.178.52.185 port 37332 |
2020-02-23 06:26:18 |
| attack | Lines containing failures of 51.178.52.185 Feb 19 06:16:52 myhost sshd[2093]: Invalid user user1 from 51.178.52.185 port 36313 Feb 19 06:16:52 myhost sshd[2093]: pam_unix(sshd:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=51.178.52.185 Feb 19 06:16:54 myhost sshd[2093]: Failed password for invalid user user1 from 51.178.52.185 port 36313 ssh2 Feb 19 06:16:54 myhost sshd[2093]: Received disconnect from 51.178.52.185 port 36313:11: Bye Bye [preauth] Feb 19 06:16:54 myhost sshd[2093]: Disconnected from invalid user user1 51.178.52.185 port 36313 [preauth] Feb 19 06:41:00 myhost sshd[2782]: Invalid user pengcan from 51.178.52.185 port 44637 Feb 19 06:41:00 myhost sshd[2782]: pam_unix(sshd:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=51.178.52.185 Feb 19 06:41:03 myhost sshd[2782]: Failed password for invalid user pengcan from 51.178.52.185 port 44637 ssh2 Feb 19 06:41:03 myhost sshd[2782]: Received disconnect from 51.1........ ------------------------------ |
2020-02-21 16:56:34 |
| attackspam | Lines containing failures of 51.178.52.185 Feb 19 06:16:52 myhost sshd[2093]: Invalid user user1 from 51.178.52.185 port 36313 Feb 19 06:16:52 myhost sshd[2093]: pam_unix(sshd:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=51.178.52.185 Feb 19 06:16:54 myhost sshd[2093]: Failed password for invalid user user1 from 51.178.52.185 port 36313 ssh2 Feb 19 06:16:54 myhost sshd[2093]: Received disconnect from 51.178.52.185 port 36313:11: Bye Bye [preauth] Feb 19 06:16:54 myhost sshd[2093]: Disconnected from invalid user user1 51.178.52.185 port 36313 [preauth] Feb 19 06:41:00 myhost sshd[2782]: Invalid user pengcan from 51.178.52.185 port 44637 Feb 19 06:41:00 myhost sshd[2782]: pam_unix(sshd:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=51.178.52.185 Feb 19 06:41:03 myhost sshd[2782]: Failed password for invalid user pengcan from 51.178.52.185 port 44637 ssh2 Feb 19 06:41:03 myhost sshd[2782]: Received disconnect from 51.1........ ------------------------------ |
2020-02-20 23:19:49 |
| attackspam | Feb 19 16:25:34 www sshd\[30257\]: Invalid user vmware from 51.178.52.185Feb 19 16:25:37 www sshd\[30257\]: Failed password for invalid user vmware from 51.178.52.185 port 60103 ssh2Feb 19 16:26:42 www sshd\[30298\]: Invalid user cpanelphpmyadmin from 51.178.52.185 ... |
2020-02-19 23:14:21 |
| IP | 类型 | 评论内容 | 时间 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 51.178.52.84 | attack | WordPress XMLRPC scan :: 51.178.52.84 0.004 BYPASS [29/Sep/2020:20:03:04 0000] [censored_2] "POST /xmlrpc.php HTTP/2.0" 200 20 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:62.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/62.0" |
2020-09-30 04:45:22 |
| 51.178.52.84 | attack | 51.178.52.84 - - [29/Sep/2020:13:50:15 +0100] "POST /wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 2477 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:62.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/62.0" 51.178.52.84 - - [29/Sep/2020:13:50:16 +0100] "POST /wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 2466 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:62.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/62.0" 51.178.52.84 - - [29/Sep/2020:13:50:17 +0100] "POST /wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 2427 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:62.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/62.0" ... |
2020-09-29 20:54:24 |
| 51.178.52.84 | attackbotsspam | uvcm 51.178.52.84 [29/Sep/2020:09:15:33 "-" "POST /wp-login.php 200 6728 51.178.52.84 [29/Sep/2020:09:15:35 "-" "GET /wp-login.php 200 6619 51.178.52.84 [29/Sep/2020:09:15:36 "-" "POST /wp-login.php 200 6726 |
2020-09-29 13:05:40 |
| 51.178.52.84 | attackbots | 51.178.52.84 - - [25/Sep/2020:13:24:51 +0200] "GET /wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 9184 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:62.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/62.0" 51.178.52.84 - - [25/Sep/2020:13:24:52 +0200] "POST /wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 9435 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:62.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/62.0" 51.178.52.84 - - [25/Sep/2020:13:24:53 +0200] "POST /xmlrpc.php HTTP/1.1" 200 427 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:62.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/62.0" |
2020-09-25 19:53:31 |
| 51.178.52.245 | attackbots | " " |
2020-09-08 23:51:32 |
| 51.178.52.245 | attack | Sep 8 08:22:11 inter-technics sshd[23321]: pam_unix(sshd:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=51.178.52.245 user=root Sep 8 08:22:13 inter-technics sshd[23321]: Failed password for root from 51.178.52.245 port 45844 ssh2 Sep 8 08:22:16 inter-technics sshd[23321]: Failed password for root from 51.178.52.245 port 45844 ssh2 Sep 8 08:22:11 inter-technics sshd[23321]: pam_unix(sshd:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=51.178.52.245 user=root Sep 8 08:22:13 inter-technics sshd[23321]: Failed password for root from 51.178.52.245 port 45844 ssh2 Sep 8 08:22:16 inter-technics sshd[23321]: Failed password for root from 51.178.52.245 port 45844 ssh2 Sep 8 08:22:11 inter-technics sshd[23321]: pam_unix(sshd:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=51.178.52.245 user=root Sep 8 08:22:13 inter-technics sshd[23321]: Failed password for root from 51.178.52.245 port 45844 ssh2 Sep 8 08 ... |
2020-09-08 15:25:37 |
| 51.178.52.245 | attackbots | $f2bV_matches |
2020-09-08 07:57:57 |
| 51.178.52.245 | attackspambots | Sep 7 20:48:03 vps639187 sshd\[31896\]: pam_unix\(sshd:auth\): authentication failure\; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=51.178.52.245 user=root Sep 7 20:48:05 vps639187 sshd\[31896\]: Failed password for root from 51.178.52.245 port 40660 ssh2 Sep 7 20:48:07 vps639187 sshd\[31896\]: Failed password for root from 51.178.52.245 port 40660 ssh2 ... |
2020-09-08 03:23:19 |
| 51.178.52.245 | attackbots | Sep 7 11:04:34 shivevps sshd[28204]: Bad protocol version identification '\024' from 51.178.52.245 port 59966 Sep 7 11:04:34 shivevps sshd[28203]: Bad protocol version identification '\024' from 51.178.52.245 port 59964 Sep 7 11:09:27 shivevps sshd[2882]: Bad protocol version identification '\024' from 51.178.52.245 port 58532 ... |
2020-09-07 18:54:58 |
| 51.178.52.245 | attackbotsspam | 2020-09-05T12:04:18.443603shield sshd\[24176\]: pam_unix\(sshd:auth\): authentication failure\; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=tor-exit-node.neowutran.ovh user=root 2020-09-05T12:04:20.157145shield sshd\[24176\]: Failed password for root from 51.178.52.245 port 45390 ssh2 2020-09-05T12:04:22.085301shield sshd\[24176\]: Failed password for root from 51.178.52.245 port 45390 ssh2 2020-09-05T12:04:24.502905shield sshd\[24176\]: Failed password for root from 51.178.52.245 port 45390 ssh2 2020-09-05T12:04:27.296754shield sshd\[24176\]: Failed password for root from 51.178.52.245 port 45390 ssh2 |
2020-09-05 20:39:52 |
| 51.178.52.245 | attack | Failed password for invalid user from 51.178.52.245 port 34756 ssh2 |
2020-09-05 05:03:22 |
| 51.178.52.84 | attack | 51.178.52.84 - - [31/Aug/2020:13:36:21 +0100] "POST /wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 1966 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:62.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/62.0" 51.178.52.84 - - [31/Aug/2020:13:36:22 +0100] "POST /wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 1951 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:62.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/62.0" 51.178.52.84 - - [31/Aug/2020:13:36:23 +0100] "POST /wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 1947 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:62.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/62.0" ... |
2020-08-31 21:32:44 |
| 51.178.52.84 | attackbots | CF RAY ID: 5bf7b928ed7dee89 IP Class: noRecord URI: /wp-login.php |
2020-08-09 22:33:21 |
| 51.178.52.84 | attack | 51.178.52.84 - - [07/Aug/2020:04:57:41 +0100] "POST /wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 1969 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:62.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/62.0" 51.178.52.84 - - [07/Aug/2020:04:57:42 +0100] "POST /wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 1954 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:62.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/62.0" 51.178.52.84 - - [07/Aug/2020:04:57:42 +0100] "POST /xmlrpc.php HTTP/1.1" 403 219 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:62.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/62.0" ... |
2020-08-07 13:13:45 |
| 51.178.52.84 | attackspambots | CF RAY ID: 5b89fdc06e93081c IP Class: noRecord URI: /wp-login.php |
2020-07-27 17:28:01 |
b; <<>> DiG 9.10.3-P4-Ubuntu <<>> 51.178.52.185
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NXDOMAIN, id: 8617
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 1
;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;51.178.52.185. IN A
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
. 487 IN SOA a.root-servers.net. nstld.verisign-grs.com. 2020021900 1800 900 604800 86400
;; Query time: 115 msec
;; SERVER: 183.60.83.19#53(183.60.83.19)
;; WHEN: Wed Feb 19 23:14:16 CST 2020
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 117185.52.178.51.in-addr.arpa domain name pointer 185.ip-51-178-52.eu.Server: 183.60.83.19
Address: 183.60.83.19#53
Non-authoritative answer:
185.52.178.51.in-addr.arpa name = 185.ip-51-178-52.eu.
Authoritative answers can be found from: